As above, they're wastewater treatment facilities.
Note they're all located on or near streams where processed water was discharged.
From the Interwebs...
"In the late 1960s things were really bad, green algae blooms were suffocating the Occoquan Reservoir—one of the area's main water supplies. Fish kills were common and finally the state of Virginia stepped in and ordered a moratorium on new development until community officials could clean up the mess.
The problems were traced to a series of 11 poorly operating secondary sewage treatment plants in the Centreville area spewing nasty stuff into the watershed that was draining into the reservoir. The solution was both technically advanced for its time and highly controversial.
The 11 plants would be shut down and replaced with a massive regional plant operated by the multi-jurisdictional Upper Occoquan Service Authority."
"In 1978, the UOSA Regional Water Reclamation Plant located on 470 acres (1.9 km2) in western Fairfax County, commenced operations and replaced eleven small secondary treatment plants in the region."
http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?000+reg+9VAC25-410-10
If you really want to dig, find this report and it should have detailed information on the locations of the smaller plants that existed at the time:
Metcalf and Eddy Engineers, Inc., “A Comprehensive Pollution Abatement Program for the Occoquan Watershed,” 1970.
Also makes sense that it now would be Park Authority property. Not specific to these sites but the same probably was done in a similar way for the same reason:
Quote
During the 1970s, the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority (NVRPA) acquired 5,000 acres
and created a series of contiguous parks along the Fairfax County shoreline of the OccoquanBull Run Stream Valley. This was in recognition that preserving a large buffer area around the
Reservoir could contribute to protecting water quality. These parks continue to serve a public
recreational use; act as a conservation area for forest, wetlands and wildlife; and help protect
the shoreline of the Reservoir. Even before the NVRPA effort, the Fairfax County Park Authority
began to acquire and operate parks in the Occoquan Watershed, eventually totaling several
thousand acres. Twenty-six parks have been added since the downzoning in 1982.